Would not pépw, even though ovuusrioze were not expressed, naturally take the genitive rns airías, in the sense, I bear a share of the blame?

564. We understand μive and israra not in the figurative but in the literal sense: for when we are in adversity even the mind that is born in us, whatever it be, does not remain but withdraws.

In 565, with soi your, supply itíoratai, x, T. 2.

It is not strictly true that israra is to be supplied with σοὶ γοῦν, but rather ἐξίστατο, which is suggested by ἐξίσταται.

635. καὶ σύ μοι, κ. τ. λ. The sense is perhaps, and thou, if thou hast good counsels for me, controllest me, for these (counsels) I will follow.

This passage has been interpreted in different ways by different critics. Indeed we are not to overlook the fact that an intentional ambiguity on the part of the poet would be quite natural here. The ambiguity lies in the participles ixov and youuévov, which may denote either time, cause, or condition; and also in the form ȧropeois, which may be either indic., subjunct., or optat.

639, 640. οὕτω διὰ στέρνων ἔχειν, so to feel.—εστάναι πάντα ὄπισθεν, that all things are to stand behind, be placed below, thy father's will.

This translation would suppose the ellipsis of ore. We understand the passage thus: Right! my son, for thus (i. e. in accordance with the principles just avowed) it is necessary to keep in mind that all things stand second to your father's counsel. To keep in mind, διὰ στέρνων ἔχειν. Cf. διὰ στομάτων ἔχειν, Hdt. 6, 136.

687. Donaldson translates this line,

Howbeit that task might well beseem another.

This supposes for the subject of γένοιτο, λέγειν ὅπως σὺ μὴ λέγεις öptüs Tádε. We were at first quite inclined to consider this the true interpretation, as agreeing best with the context, besides being the most simple and natural, but we could not dispose of the zai before itp. We think, whatever might be the impression of the Athenian on hearing the beginning of the line, the word xai would so modify and fix the idea, that no ambiguity would remain; no more than with the reading AyoTo adopted by Wunder. Translating as literally as we are able, the line would read thus: and yet there might be even in another (or in another also) that which is well.

762. év óplanμois is for the instrumental dative without iv, the preposition being used because the power of seeing is in the eyes.

We cannot see any reason for departing from the ordinary interpretation of this phrase: Latin, in oculis, before the eyes, Lidd. and Scott; "vor Augen," Boeckh's translation of the Antig. In like manner Pape, tà èv opazuois, das was vor Augen offen daliegt, Theat. 174, c.

In v. 765 the sense is, that you may rave in the presence of those of your friends who wish (to be with you, and not in mine).

It does not seem natural to give us this signification after Aрooó; you shall nowhere look upon me that you may rare, etc. We should interpret it, you shall nowhere look upon me, since while among those who desire to be of your friends you rave as a madman.

In v. 840, we think vuévav presents a difficulty in the way of the learner which he would hardly know how to surmount. The connection obviously requires the perfect instead of the present; and Wunder cites two examples from Euripides to prove that ὀλλύμενος, like οίχομαι and θνήσκειν, may be perfect in signification. These citations are not very decisive, as the reading in both passages is disputed. The common reading is onquévar, which Hermann (editio tertia) adopts. Boeckh and Donaldson read ovλoμevav, which must be understood quite out of its ordinary signification. The only objection to onoμévar is found in the metre, and this difficulty Hermann attempts to remove. We think the weight of the objection lies against ὀλλυμένα, and οὐλυμέναν.

i. e.

the first.

910. εἰ τοῦδ' ἤμπλακον, if I failed of marrying this one, We do not understand the idea of the editor. We suppose the clause means, if I lost this one (roide, sc. яaidós).

1001. βεβαρβαρωμένῳ, schol. ἀτάκτῳ, wild.

παιδός).

So it is understood by Ellendt. Another schol. says ipunvevoñvai μn dvraμévg. Boeckh says, in verworrner Wuth. Donaldson renders it inarticulate. So Lidd. and Scott. The truth is both are right, as the word includes both ideas, but we think the notion inarticulate is made more prominent by the connection.

1018. yóvou must, I think, be joined with pes.

βορας we understand to limit πλήρεις, and γόνου to limit βοράς. 1035. There seems to be some discrepancy between the note and the text.

In the notes upon the last three hundred lines, we had marked some passages, but our time and space forbid that we should add to these already too extended criticisms.

It should be remarked by way of explanation, that in quoting from the editor's commentary, we have seldom transcribed a note entire, but only that portion of it respecting which we had some scruple. We should be very sorry, however, if by so doing we had in any case misrepresented the idea.

The above criticisms are made with a full consciousness that many or even all of them may be founded in error, yet with a sincere desire that a friendly and unreserved expression of different opinions may become as common in our country as it is now rare.* Fault-finding is ever easy, and as thankless as it is easy. Not so with fair criticism. If we have escaped the former and approximated the latter, it may appear that we have not studied in vain the admirable manner and spirit of the editor whose work we have been examining.

ART. V.-ELEMENTS OF WESTERN CHARACTER.

BY J. M. PECK, OF ROCK SPRING, ILL.

THE vast country lying upon the "Great River," and its thousand tributaries, heretofore called the "Western Valley,' and by people in the Atlantic States, the "Far West," will soon be called the CENTRAL VALLEY OF THE UNITED STATES.

It extends through thirty degrees of longitude, and twentynine degrees of latitude; is nearly one thousand five hundred miles square, and has an area of about two millions of square miles, or one thousand two hundred and eighty millions of

acres.

In no part of the globe, with such a variety of climate, can so great an amount of arable soil be found for cultivation, yielding in such variety and abundance all the necessaries and most of the luxuries of life. Making a very liberal deduction for desert plains and uninhabitable mountain tracts,

* This article was written before President Woolsey's review of Champlin's Eschines had appeared.

This is the literal translation of the aboriginal name, written variously by the early journalists. Marquette spells it " Missoissippy;" Hennepin, "Meschasipi." Sape is river-running water. The prefix means “great,” “ big.”

there will remain one million seven hundred and fifty thousand square miles, or eleven hundred and twenty millions of acres of fertile land, for the subsistence of an immense population, in a state of high civilization.

Let this vast Valley become as populous as the State of Ohio now is, with forty thousand square miles and two millions of people, (fifty to a square mile,) and it will contain eighty-seven millions five hundred thousand persons. Let it contain the same population as Illinois now does, estimated at eight hundred thousand, or fifteen to each square mile of land, and it will have twenty-six millions two hundred and fifty thousand.

Massachusetts, by a recent census, is rated at nine hundred and fifty thousand. It has but seven thousand eight hundred square miles; giving a population of one hundred and twenty to each square mile of territory. Let this Central Valley become as populous in its habitable portions, and the number will be two hundred and ten millions. Is there anything incredible in this? Will not this ratio be attained in a less period than that in which Massachusetts has been gathering its nine hundred and fifty thousand? And of what amazing importance to the whole world-to the cause of Christianity, literature, science, free institutions, and human progress-will be the elements of character which shall be developed in that immense population.

Throughout this Central Valley of the United States society is now in a forming condition. The venerable maxim, " Know thyself," is not less applicable to communities than to individuals. Without correct knowledge of the natural resources of our country; the genius and tendency of our social, political, literary, and religious institutions; of the remote influences that tend to the formation of our national character, and of those principles that control its development, we cannot cherish the good and successfully cast out the evil. Nations not only differ from each other in elements of character, but sections of the same nation exhibit diversities in manners, customs, habits, and modes of thinking and feeling. There are peculiarities in the elements of character which distinguish between the Northern and the Southern-between the Eastern and Central Valley States. And those elements which are to descend along the line of continuous generations, are now in process of fusion amongst the people in this great Valley. The habits that are now forming,-the customs we now adopt, the schools and colleges founded in this generation,— the political dogmas now proclaimed from the stump, and

shaped into resolutions, and reiterated in the halls of legislation, the doctrines and duties of religion enunciated from the pulpit,—the ideas, thoughts, and feelings sent forth in the daily and weekly periodicals, or stereotyped in the more permanent volume, the electric fluid that passes along the wires of the telegraph,—the living example of the humblest individual who occupies the most obscure position of society,all are concerned in forming the character and determining the destiny of future ages.

Our whole nation has a duty to perform, a destiny to fulfil, beyond that of any nation on earth. And however chimerical the idea might have been regarded a generation past, it has become the sober conviction of far-reaching minds, that this Central Valley has a most important part to perform in this vast development of Providence. If this nation is to take the lead in the moral and political regeneration of the world, it is obvious that this great work must be consummated through the agency of the population on the waters of the Mississippi. Here is a vast territory of the most fertile soil, capable of sustaining a number equal to the present population of the globe. Here will be the people, the wealth, and the political power for mighty achievements in a brief period of time. The commerce and manufactures of the Atlantic States, for a period, may give some peculiar advantages to that section. But in this Valley is to be the central power of this nation, and, with the blessing of Heaven, it will affect in a high degree the freedom, intelligence, morals, and religious character of the world. In view of these facts we are led to an investigation of THE ELEMENTS OF WESTERN CHARACTER;-their origin, progress, and present aspect.

To have clear and correct ideas of this subject, it is necessary to trace some portions of the history of our ancestors, and the remote causes that have operated in producing modi-' fications of character in different sections of our country.

The people of European extraction, in this Central Valley, originated from several sources. The two principal streams are of Anglo-Saxon origin. They proceeded from the old country through New-England on the north, and through Virginia and the Carolinas on the south. New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland have sent out streams which have commingled with the others. Colonies of French at remote periods were planted on the banks of the Mississippi, and have left a few traces of their peculiarities. Germans of the olden stock from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina have spread their descendants over this Valley. Large