was perfected between Chili and Bolivia, by which a truce was established for three years, but with the condition that Chili would allow no hostile demonstrations on the part of Bolivia toward Peru. This was interpreted as implying a decisive denial to the desires of Bolivia regarding Tacna and Arica, and furthermore as a veto to any attempt that might be made by the former ally of Peru toward gaining an outlet to the sea by way of Arequipa and Mollendo. On February 8 Gen. Campero invited the notables and heads of political parties to assist at a national conference to determine whether to accept the truce arranged at Santiago, or continue the war. At the same time, northern Peru was greatly disturbed owing to the reappearance of montaneros. The latter, defeated at Llollon, returned by way of Huamachuco, entering Trujillo, which was without a garrison. While Col. Alarco operated against the marauders at Cajamarca, Salaverry was occupied by montaneros under Puga.

On Feb. 14 a water-spout caused damage at Arequipa, the loss being estimated at $500,000. Several persons were drowned.

On February 22 the representatives of the various European powers held a conference at Lima, to prepare a protest against one of the clauses of the treaty of peace. The French minister was chosen to present the protest to the Government. The protesting powers decided to follow the programme presented by England and France."

On March 1 the Peruvian Congress convened at Lima, and Gen. Iglesias took the oath of office as Provisional President of the Republic. On March 10 the Constituent Assembly ratified the treaty of peace with Chili.

By March 20 the following foreign nations had formally recognized the government of Gen. Iglesias: Ecuador, Bolivia, Hayti, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, the Swiss Confederation, Denmark, and Sweden, besides the Holy Father.

On the resignation of the Barrinaga Cabinet, the President formed a new one early in April. Recognition by Great Britain and France followed early in May. On May 27 Mr. Elmore, the Peruvian minister at Washington, was officially received by President Arthur, to whom he presented his credentials.

On May 29 the ports of Loma and Chola were closed by a Government decree.

On July 8 Iglesias resigned the presidency, and ordered a general election for President and Vice-President, and also for Senators and Deputies of the new Congress. At the same time Gen. Iglesias withdrew his forces from the provinces and concentrated them at Lima. On July 24 Gen. Cáceres proclaimed himself Provisional President of the Republic at Tarma. By the middle of August it had become evident that peace negotiations between Iglesias and Cáceres had finally failed, and that the respective forces would soon come into collision

at the very gates of the capital, where Gen. Iglesias was in command of a well-equipped little army of about 5,000 men. While Cáceres was moving on Lima, Iglesias strengthened his hands politically by a combination with the Piérola element. On August 27, at 4 A. M., Cáceres and his little army made the attack and met with a disastrous and bloody repulse, leaving 500 prisoners in the hands of the Government troops, but effected his escape to Pisco.

Cáceres entered Arequipa early in October at the head of 1,800 men. The Government troops under Commander Gonzalez were meanwhile victorious at Huaura, defeating and dispersing 300 montaneros, and capturing ammunition, arms, and baggage. After resting, he occupied Huacho on October 2.

Gen. Iglesias continued the arduous task of reorganizing the government of Peru. Operations against the montaneros were actively prosecuted in November and December. The central districts were entirely pacified. The ferocious and sanguinary disposition of Cáceres was acquiring a deeper hue daily. His shooting of upward of twenty of the poor, ignorant Indians that he had forced into service, because they demanded payment, threw a gloom of terror over Arequipa almost equal to that which occurred in the army of the center, which Piérola had confided to him after the capture of Lima, when Cáceres, turning traitor to make himself President, shot forty cavalrymen in Matucana, to signalize his accession to power.

A heavy shock of earthquake was felt at Lima at 7.13 A. м. on November 22. Its motion was from southwest to northeast. There was no unusual electric disturbance. Clouds of dust were visible from three to five miles from Callao, where portions of the rock were shaken down on the beach. The walls of many houses were cracked, and some thrown down.

PHARMACY. The discovery and introduction of cocaine hydrochloride as a local anesthetic was the important event in scientific pharmacy during 1884. A steady advancement in all branches of the art is apparent.

Colleges.-A bill incorporating the Louisville School of Pharmacy for Women was passed by the Kentucky Legislature during the early part of the year. The School of Pharmacy connected with Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., was successfully inaugurated. The Cleveland School of Pharmacy, on account of the stringent pharmacy law adopted in Ohio, has introduced a higher course of studies, and now ranks with the other colleges of pharmacy. An entrance examination was demanded for the first time this year from students entering the New York College of Pharmacy.

Legislation.—The following States have pharmacy laws: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Maine, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. The law in Ohio was enacted in March, 1884, while that

of New York was signed in May. Local laws are in force at Philadelphia, San Francisco, Buffalo, New York, and Brooklyn.

Associations. The thirty-second annual meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association was held at Milwaukee, Wis., beginning on August 26. Its sessions were continued during three days. John Ingalls, of Georgia, was chosen President, and John M. Maisch, of Pennsylvania, Permanent Secretary. The drugclerks of many of our larger cities have formed themselves into societies for mutual protection and scientific advancement. The "New York Protective Association of Drug-Clerks" was organized in March. In October the "Orleans Drug-Clerks' Association" of New Orleans came into existence.

Trade Organizations.-The "National Retail Druggists' Association" convened at Milwaukee, Wis., on August 25. The "Campion plan" was approved. Henry Canning, of Massachusetts, was chosen President, and J. W. Colcord, of Massachusetts, Secretary. The ninth annual meeting of the "National Wholesale Drug Association was held at St. Louis, Mo., beginning on October 22. The "Campion plan" and "Rebate plan were very thoroughly discussed, and the former received the approval of the Association. C. F. G. Meyer, of Missonri, was chosen President, and A. B. Merriam, of Ohio, Secretary.

Trade Relations. For the better protection of the trade interests of the retail druggists, various plans have been suggested and adopted. Early in the year the New York Druggists' Union was organized, shortly after a Brooklyn Drug Union was formed, and soon, throughout the country, city and county associations were organized for the purpose of maintaining full prices for proprietary goods. At the solicitation of the retailers, many of the manufacturers combined, and the "Campion plan " was adopted.

Its essential features are, that by the united action of the manufacturers no goods can be sold by any jobber, nor by any retailer, except at a fixed schedule of prices. Any one violating the rules of the Association was cut off and thereby prohibited from receiving goods from those in the plan. In this manner the retail druggists thought themselves able to control the prices of various proprietary articles. For a time the plan promised success, but, as many of the leading houses have withdrawn from the plan, its future can not be accepted as assured.

Literature. Among the important books published during the year were: "A Companion to the United States Pharmacopoeia," by Oscar Oldberg and Otto A. Wall, and a third edition of "The National Dispensatory," by Alfred Stillé and John M. Maisch. This book was prepared from the recent editions of the Pharmacopoeias of the United States, Germany, France, and Great Britain, all of which have recently been revised and have been published since 1880. In April was published the "New York and

Brooklyn Formulary," a book containing unofficinal formulas that are always in a dispensing pharmacy. It was the joint production of committees appointed from the different pharmaceutical organizations of both cities. A journal entitled " American Drugs and Medicines," devoted to the historical and scientific discussion of the botany, pharmacy, chemistry, and therapeutics of the medicinal plants in America, was begun in March, in Cincinnati, O.

PHILLIPS, WENDELL, an American philanthropist and orator, born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 29, 1811; died there, Feb. 2, 1884. His father was John Phillips, the first mayor of the city of Boston. Wendell was graduated at Harvard College in 1881, entered the law school at Cambridge, and was admitted to the bar in 1834. His sympathies were strongly roused by the hard measures meted out to the early abolitionists, and particularly during the Boston mob, beaded by gentlemen of property and high standing in the community, in October, 1835, when the chief of the abolitionists, William Lloyd Garrison, barely escaped with his life. Mr. Phillips thereupon joined heart and soul with the abolition cause, and went so far as to throw up his law practice in 1839 because he could not conscientiously swear allegiance to the Federal Constitution. In December, 1837, a meeting was called in Faneuil Hall to consider and condemn the murder of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy at Alton, Ill., who fell the month previous in defense of the freedom of the press. The pro-slavery feeling in Boston, at that date, was very strong, and Attorney-General Austin, who spoke at the meeting, asked whether Lovejoy had not died "as the fool dieth." This roused to indignant protest the youthful orator, who rose and delivered one of the most powerful speeches ever heard in Faneuil Hall, and rebuked the craven spirit of so many that were willing to crush the liberty of the press and trample under foot the rights of humanity. From this date till 1861 he was a prominent leader and the most popular orator among the abolitionists. Holding that the Constitution was an unrighteous compact between freedom and slavery, Mr. Phillips refused to recognize its authority by voting, or in any other manner. He advocated disunion as the only way that he could discover out of the difficulties of the slavery question, and when the civil war broke out he favored sustaining the Government, inasmuch as the end must be freedom to the slave. In 1863-'64 he advocated arming, educating, and enfranchising the freedmen, and, having become President of the Anti-Slavery Society in 1865, he continued its existence in behalf of the freedmen at the South until the adoption of the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution. As this settled the question at issue, the society was dissolved in April, 1870. During this latter year he was the Temperance and Labor Reform candidate for Governor of Massachusetts, and received nearly 20,000 votes.

WENDELL PHILLIPS.

Mr. Phillips's philanthropic labors were widely extended. He warmly advocated woman suffrage, prohibitory liquor laws, and prison reforms, and earnestly opposed capital punishment. In January, 1875, he made a powerful speech in Faneuil Hall in support of President Grant's Louisiana policy, and in March of the same year, in another speech, he set forth his views on finance. Being an accomplished scholar as well as an eloquent speaker, he was frequently called upon to deliver lectures on popular topics. The more notable of these were on "The Lost Arts" and "Toussaint l'Ouverture," and funeral eulogies on Theodore Parker and John Brown. There is no complete edition of his speeches, several of which have been issued as pamphlets and widely circulated in the United States and in England. A partial collection was published in Boston (8vo, 1864; 12mo, 1869). Other writings of his are to be found in numerous periodicals and newspapers.

PHOTOGRAPHY, AMATEUR. Amateur photography properly precedes photography as a profession. Daguerre, the first amateur, was a scene-painter, and many valuable improvements in photography have been due to amateurs. The reason of this is not far to seek. Photography is yet in its infancy. Possible discoveries lurk on every side. The profes

sional photographer, using it as a means of livelihood, follows that which is sure, finding it imprudent to risk time and money in experiments that may prove fruitless; but it is this chance, this uncertainty, and this hope, that lure on the amateur. An amateur photographer in this country, the late Joseph Rayner, had over $3,000 worth of apparatus; and this, it is said, is not an unusual amount for an enthusiast of long standing. That which has done most toward the recent revival of amateur photography, and to render it popular, has been what is known as the "dry process," the use of gelatinized plates. This, in its present form, is due to Dr. R. L. Maddox, an English amateur, and has been in use only a few years. Previous to this time, sensitive plates prepared with collodion emulsion had been much employed; among others, by Henry J. Newton, of New York, who in 1879 exhibited twenty instantaneous views made with an emulsion several years old. The history of photography has preserved the interesting experiments in the use of gelatine, the flow of which is as even as that of collodion. Being much cheaper than collodion, plates sensitized by gelatine were immediately adopted. These at once brought photography within the scope of people that formerly were deterred, not only by the disagreeable work involved, but by the necessity of being something of a chemist as well. The convenience of the gelatinized plates for the amateur lies in the fact that they are prepared by manufacturers, and can be bought in compact packages to be used any where at any time. After the negative is taken, no fixing is required; the plate may be put away, to be developed at convenience. Many amateurs do not develop their own plates, but send them to the professional photographer, who also prints them. The experiments now made in the preparation of sensitized paper are also greatly in the interest of the amateur. This paper, purchased in rolls, is marked off to the required size and is inserted in the camera. It is adjusted by a crank, and the image when taken passes into a corresponding roll on the other side, and is not necessarily removed until the entire roll is used. If desired, the image at another time can be floated on glass, which then becomes the negative. What is known as the "blue print " is much used by amateurs. In this case the paper (ordinary writing-paper will answer) is sponged off with a solution of oxalate of iron and carefully kept in the dark (between the leaves of a book will answer) until used. This is now sensi

tive and receives the image, although no image is visible. When taken from the camera, it is held for a few moments to the light, and is then placed in a bath, or is sponged off with a solution of red prussiate of potash, which immediately brings the image in pleasant blue tints before the eye. The simplicity and cheapness of this process commend it to the amateur. It is to be remarked that the two solutions can be kept for a long period, and are not injured by exposure to light. For immediate use, another method commends itself. To half an ounce of red prussiate of potash add three ounces of water. In another solution add two ounces of water to half an ounce of citrate of iron and ammonia. Mix together, and carefully filter, or allow the bottle to stand for a few moments carefully excluded from the light. With a soft brush, cover the paper to be used with the mixture. After the photograph is taken, throw the paper into a bath of clear water, and expose to the light. The image seen in faint purplish tones now appears in blue tints. If card-board is used instead of paper, the photograph is already mounted. This mixture loses its sensitiveness in a few weeks.

For the amateur's use, complete photographic outfits have been devised; and for out-door work cameras are reduced to pocket-dimensions. In summer, the amateur stows away his equipment; and if he sees any object or view that attracts his fancy, in a few seconds he transfers it to his plate, puts his plate away, folds up his camera, and his work is over until he is ready to take it up again.

The success of the amateur as a photographer is a more personal matter, and independent of the mechanical methods employed. The first radical distinction between the amateur and the professional photographer is, that the amateur expends his efforts in getting a good negative. This is never retouched. The success of the professional photographer, on the other hand, lies in great measure on his working up his negative. The choice of subject, arrangement, composition, one may call .it, of the amateur, is effective or not as he brings to bear upon it those artistic principles which would govern him in the arrangement of a picture, both as to composition and chiar-oscuro. The differences to be observed in the work of amateurs are directly referable to their differences in artistic feeling. In this respect, the photographs made by artists have a particular value. By virtue of their training, they select the most picturesque materials and view of the subject. This corresponds to composition. The focus and length of exposure are also adjusted with a view to the artistic effect. The professional photographer, in taking either a person or other subject, adjusts his focus to bring out the lines and details most sharply. The artistic amateur, on the other hand, prefers soft lines, the blending of masses, as it were, not the prominence of details. Accordingly, he adjusts the cam

era a little out of focus and approximates the results for which he would strive with a brush. One of the most successful of amateur photographers, a lady, by training an artist, observes not only this rule in her work, but places her subjects in shadow and takes her pictures, not in the full light that the professional photographer seeks, but in a modified light. Her pictures are remarkable not only for their picturesqueness but for that sense of mystery which is one of the fascinating qualities in art, and which is also not incompatible with the truths of photography. In this sense, photography appeals to the artist. The use of the camera for furnishing memoranda for the artist is invaluable, and has become extensive. The conformation of a tree, a bit of suggestive landscape, the details of architecture, a rapidly changing sky, or the pose of a figure, the camera will more quickly and accurately preserve than any sketch. An English artist in summer takes his models into the country and poses them in the landscape as suggestions for studio-pictures. Photography appeals to an ever-widening class of people. The traveler takes with him his pocket-camera, and preserves any souvenir of travel that he may desire. Instantaneous photographs may even be caught from express-trains. Through photography, men of various professions can look after their interests at home or at remote distances. A gentleman of New York city, who has an orange-grove in Florida, keeps note of all that is going on by means of a series of small glass slides. Each improvement the sun sketches for him, and through a microscope he is even able to trace the growth, the budding, and grafting of any special tree. As photography has been freed from its drudgery, many women take it up for their own amusement. Several women of leisure in New York are accomplished photographers. Organizations are springing up in different parts of the country. The Society of Amateur Photographers, of New York city, of which Frederick C. Beach is president, has eighty-five members, and holds its meetings on the evening of the second Tuesday of each month. The purposes of the society can be best set forth by giving the routine of an evening's proceedings. The letters read show the larger relations of the meeting. One from England proposes an international exchange of lantern-slides, that the scenery of each country may thus be made familiar to the other. Other letters touch upon the exchange of lantern-slides between the various local societies, that each may keep abreast of the general progress of amateur photography. The different committees report on the tests and experiments that the society is carrying on. One considers the relative durability of the gelatinized plates prepared by manufacturers. Another reports the tests made touching on the best light for developing negatives, pending the electric lamp which Mr. Edison is experimenting on in the society's interest. Follow

ing these reports is the exhibition of a canvashooded camera by Mr. Walter Clark, an artist and amateur photographer. This camera is constructed on the principle of the telescopic packing-cases. A spring throws up and fastens the canvas hood. The camera below is in two sections, an upper and under. Each has an aperture admitting light, and the lens has two corresponding positions. The upper aperture is just open, the lower being covered with a black disk, since the sensitive plate is already in position. The upper aperture receives the image, which is reflected on a mirror placed at an angle of 45°, and is again reflected on a ground-glass plate in the top. By this double reflection the operator sees the image for the first time right-side up, a valuable improvement on the inverted image of the ordinary camera. A button regulates the focus. When the operator perceives his image as he desires it, a spring causes the lens to fall to the lower aperature, which is now thrown open, and the automatic shutter previously adjusted regulates the time of exposure. This camera is especially designed for out-door work, and more particularly for taking animals or other objects in motion; since it can be carried in the hand, needing neither tripod nor operator's cloth, and can be adjusted in the fraction of a second. George H. Ripley in turn exhibits his improvement on the automatic shutter for instantaneous views, which permits a longer time for exposure. This is invaluable to the amateur, since, if he is alone and desires a figure in his landscape or interior, by means of an invisible silk thread he can photograph himself. These meetings usually conclude with an address on some special subject, or with an exhibition of lanternslides. This gives an idea of the general scope of these societies, which are found in Boston, Philadelphia, Lowell, Haverhill, Cleveland, Columbus, Chicago, and Cincinnati. These societies are all in their infancy. That of Cleveland is composed altogether of young men not yet out of school. As yet, these societies have no journal devoted to their interest; but the "Photographic Times," edited by J. Traill Taylor, with the co-operation of W. J. Stillman and Charles Ehrman, gives much consideration to amateur photography.

PHYSIOLOGY. Physiological Experimentation.An indication of the direction in which physiological experiment may be pursued to advantage in the future is given by Prof. Tyndall in considering those diseases of which a single attack secures immunity against all future attacks. This phenomenon, hitherto unexplained, may be accounted for under the germ theory of disease by supposing the system-the soil in which the parasite is developed-to be exhausted by the first crop of some ingredient necessary to the growth and propagation of the microbe. M. Bouley has drawn attention to the fact that, in the experimental cultivation of the microscopic plant Aspergillus niger by M. Raulin,

the omission of potash from the culture-liquid sufficed to make the produce fall to one twenty-fifth of the amount collected when potash was present. The addition of an infinitesimal amount of a substance inimical to the life of a plant is attended with still more striking results. Thus, the addition of one part in 1,600,000 of nitrate of silver entirely stops the growth. Now, supposing the Aspergillus to be a human parasite-a living contagion capable of selfmultiplication in human blood, and of so altering the constitution of that liquid as to produce death; then, the introduction into the blood of a man weighing sixty kilogrammes of five milligrammes of nitrate of silver would insure, if not the total effacement of this contagium, the neutralization of its power to destroy life. From such facts as this we may foresee that in anticipation of the assault of infectious organisms, the experimenter of the future will try to introduce into the body substances which, small in amount, shall so affect the blood and tissues as to render them unfit for the development of the contagium; and, subsequent to the assault of the parasite, substances which shall effectually stop its multiplication. Dr. Polli, of Milan, has already found some alkaline sulphides that seem to be good against certain fevers and small-pox, and Crudelli has found arsenic helpful against the malaria of the Roman Campagna. To enable us to use these remedies safely and with some assurances of success, experiments must be made of their effects on different groups of individuals, and these individuals must be animals susceptible to the infection and to the counteracting applications.

The Nervous System.-The effects of the extirpation of the cerebrum in rabbits was considered by Prof. Munk in an address before the Physiological Society, a part of which was devoted to the difference in the results obtained in his own experiments and those which Prof. Christiani had reached in his researches. In his own most successful experiments, after removing the cerebrum, he had observed in rabbits, just as in other vertebrates, birds and frogs, a state of depression lasting for a longer or shorter period, to as long as several hours, a state in which they lay apathetically, taking and keeping whatever position might be imposed upon them. From this state they recovered to go through, first, interrupted and apparently spontaneous movements, which yet, on closer inspection, proved to be reflex movements. These, again, were followed by a quickened reflex excitability, which finally was succeeded by convulsive movements, a kind of running stage, which, in from twenty-four to fifty hours after the operation, issued in the death of the animal. Prof. Christiani, on the other hand, after removing the cerebrum, in no case observed a state of depression, but his excerebrated rabbits all acted like normal ones. They moved about, sprang, ran, etc., during the first twelve hours, at least, after the operation. Prof. Munk ascribed these differences to