tures, must have completed thirty years of age, have been citizens for at least six years, and have an income of not less than $500 per annum. One third of the Senate is renewed every three years. The deputies, eighty-six in number, elected for four years, inust be at least twentyfive years of age, and have been citizens for not less than four years. Both senators and deputies are paid a yearly salary of $3,500 each. Both houses assemble annually from May 1st to September 30th. A Vice-President, elected in the same manner and at the same time as the President, fills the office of chairman of the Senate, but has otherwise no, political power. The President of the Republic is Lieut.-Gen. Don Julio A. Roca (inaugurated Oct. 12, 1880), and the Vice-President, Don Francisco Madero. The Cabinet was composed of the following ministers: Interior, Don Bernardo de Irigoyar; Foreign Affairs, Don Francisco Ortiz; Finance, Don Victorino de la Plaza; Justice, Public Worship, and Public Instruction, Don Eduardo Wilde; War and the Navy, Gen. Benjamin Victorica.

The Governors of the several provinces, etc.,

The Argentine Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States is Dr. Don Luis L. Dominguez (accredited in 1882); and the Argentine Consul-General at New York is Don Carlos Carranza.

The United States Minister Resident in the Argentine Republic is Gen. Thomas O. Osborn; and the United States Consul at Buenos Ayres is E. L. Baker.

Army. The Argentine army in May, 1884, exclusive of the National Guard, was 6,579 strong, comprising 3,209 foot, 2,320 horse, and 1,050 artillery. If to this be added the Indian and recruit pickets, and the students at the military schools, aggregating 3,008, the total strength will stand at 9,587. In June, 1883, there were 4 lieutenant-generals, 14 generals of divisions, 50 colonels, 127 lieutenantcolonels, 142 majors, and 742 officers of other grades. At that time the National Guard was 315,850 strong. In 1882 the military academy had 14 instructors and 143 students; and the military school (for non-commissioned officers) 6 instructors and 68 students.

Navy. The navy, in June, 1883, was composed of 39 vessels, namely: 3 steam-ironclads, 6 gunboats, 7 torpedoes, 2 steam-transports, 8

cruisers, 6 other steam-vessels, and 12 sail-ofthe-line, with an aggregate tonnage of 12,630, and an armament of 55 guns, and manned with 320 officers, 1,505 seamen, 1,737 marines (including officers), and a torpedo division 137 strong. In the foregoing enumeration is not included the flotilla of the Rio Negro, comprising 3 steamers and 3 steam-launches.

In 1882 the naval school consisted of 17 instructors and 69 students; another school (for seamen) had 9 instructors and 43 students.

The navy, like the army, is recruited by voluntary enlistment for a stated period.

Education. According to the school census of 1883-'84, there were within the republic 2,023 primary schools, national, provincial, municipal, and private, with 3,761 teachers and assistants, and 146,325 pupils, including both sexes, the total number of children between the ages of five and fourteen years being 503,591. These figures show a considerable improvement as compared with those for 1881, in which year the aggregate attendance was but 136,928, while the number of children fit to attend school was estimated at 500,000. The annual expenditure by the Federal Government for those schools, as given in the census, was $2,444,187.84. Higher branches of instruction were pursued in the two Universities of Buenos Ayres and Córdoba, special schools of law, medicine, theology, and military and naval schools, fourteen national colleges (with their nine annexes), and eighteen normal schools.

Finance. In the budget for 1884 the national revenue and expenditure were estimated at $33,770,333 and $34,053,484 respectively, with a resulting deficit of $283,151. "At the end of the present year (1883), the 6 per cent. consolidated debt, with a small portion at 8 and 9 per cent., will have been reduced to $75,418,201.31."*

Commerce. The imports for the year 1882 were of the value of $76,328,283 (including the trade in transitu, amounting to $17,057,917), fully one third having been for British, and but one twelfth for American products.

The value of the exports for the same year was $75,498,822 (including $17,057,917 in transitu), of which about $16,000,000 was to France, $14,000,000 to Belgium, $7,400,000 to Great Britain, and but $2,861,209 to the United States.

The sources, destinations, and values of the imports and exports through Buenos Ayres for the nine months, January to September, 1884, were as follow:

Values.

8,981 542.294 1,187,297

1,699,018 227,602 Total.................... $37,541,974

Italy Paraguay Shipping Movements.-The shipping movements at the various ports of the republic were as follow in 1883:

Tons.

1,487,018 517,070

1,818,201

1,545,648 517,700

1,515,148 550,844

The distribution of this trade by flags was: Argentine, 54 per cent.; French, 29; British, 7; Uruguayan, 3; Italian, 2; others, 5.

Railways. At the end of 1883 there were 2,950 kilometres of railway in operation, and 2,567 in process of building.* "The locomotivewhistle was heard for the first time in the province of Santiago del Estero on Oct. 12, 1884." The horse-car lines of the capital, at the end of 1882, covered an aggregate of 95 miles, and, with 1,001 employés, carried an average of 51,740 passengers daily. There were also lines in some of the smaller towns of the province of Buenos Ayres, and the city of Córdoba had two lines, and Rosario one.

Telegraphs. In January, 1883, the telegraph lines of the republic were of the total length of 13,543 kilometres, of which 10,772 were Government property; the number of offices was 202; and that of the dispatches transmitted during the year immediately previous, 438,090, of which 71,838 were official.

The total number of dispatches for 1883 was 496,726, of which 71,460 were official. At the end of 1882 there were in Buenos Ayres two telephone companies, with 1,500 subscribers. Post-Office. In 1882 there were transmitted through this department 17,500,000 letters, postal-cards, and packages of printed matter. The exchange of correspondence, etc., with foreign countries in 1883 was as follows: Letters, 2,207,000; printed matter, 1,400,000. The number of registered packages was 93,313. The yield of the Post-Office Department in 1883 was $538,514.83.

Improvements.-Chief among these, besides the already well-advanced work at canalization of the Riachuelo of Buenos Ayres to fit it for craft of all sizes, may be mentioned the extension of pipes for the supply of potable water in that city.

1883.

That we with pleasure confirm the action of the National Republican Convention in recommending that all Federal appointments to the offices of the Territories of the United States be made within the Territories themselves, recognizing the fact that citizens of the Territory are best qualified to discharge the responsible duties appertaining to such positions.

That we recognize the depressing influence of the many old fraudulent claims to large grants of land within our Territory; and we demand from our delegate in Congress that he use his best efforts in securing united action with the Representatives of all States and Territories interested in obtaining from Congress such action as shall speedily settle and quiet all such claims.

This convention favors any and all measures that will tend to bring labor and capital, organized and before the law is the fundamental principle of the Reunorganized, into the Territory of Arizona. Equality publican party of the nation, and we pledge the Republican party to such a course of legislation as will extend to corporations and corporate capital in Arizona the same protection and the same laws accorded to individuals to perform their just share of the labor and to pay their just share of the taxation we pay to carry on the Government, making the same rules apply to corporations as to individuals. propriated for the support of hostile Indians to permit That in our opinion there is too much money apof a speedy and just settlement of this vexed question. We believe that a tribe of hostile savages should not be kept in our midst, fed and supported out of the safety and protection of the frontier settlers be made public treasury; we therefore recommend that the the first object in all Territorial and Federal legislation affecting the Indians. We are in favor of the disarmament of all Indians in this Territory as indispensable to the safety of our people.

That we are in favor of reducing the size of the White Mountain and San Carlos Indian Reservations, and especially are we in favor of segregating the coalfields therefrom, and throwing open all reservations for the prospecting of minerals and for the locating and working of mineral claims.

That we condemn the practice of polygamy and bigamy as a crime, and favor the passage and enforcement of such laws as will prevent the continuance of such practice within this Territory.

That we demand the passage of such quarantine and other laws by the coming Legislature as shall enable the officers of the law and owners of live-stock

to protect this great industry from the ravages of contagious diseases.

school age is 9,376, as follows: School Population.-The number of children of

Pima County Yavapai County Maricopa County

......

2,317 Yuma County 1,852 Graham County.

649

635

1,817 Pimal County.

684

1,126 Gila County

179

1,018

Mohave County.

154

General Condition. The year has been a prosperous one for Arizona. Says the Governor, in his report of Oct. 25, 1884:

Our population has been steadily increasing; the development of our material wealth embraced in mining, grazing, and agriculture has shown marked advancement; our border relations have been harmonious; the annoyances of government have been lessened; there has been absolute freedom from the depredations of hostile savages, which in previous years have been such a menace to the progress of our civilization; and although the lawless elements of society peculiar to advanced frontiers have in several instances during the year committed deeds of exceptional atrocity within the boundaries of Arizona, the outlaws have in most cases expiated their crimes by the severest penalties known to the law, and the civil officers of the Territory are to be congratulated upon the general success that has attended their efforts in maintaining order and improved social condi

tions.

Mining.—The Governor says:

The product of our mines has been considerably less for the past year than for the preceding twelve months. Several large bullion-producing properties have been lying idle a considerable portion of the year, owing, it is stated, to the heavy expense of operating, high transportation rates, and a depreciation in the grade of the ore being treated. While the ores of Arizona are undoubtedly of a higher average than those of Colorado or other localities with which comparisons can be made, the expense of mining, and especially of transportation, is much greater. These obstacles, however, are being steadily reduced, and all things being equal, her marvelous mineral deposits will soon enable Arizona to rank first among the bullion-producing States and Territories of the Union. Grazing.

The grazing interests of the Territory have largely increased during the year; extensive importations of improved breeds of cattle and horses have been made into Arizona. There has been an entire absence of epidemic diseases among cattle and horses in the Territory, and the loss per year is only about three per cent. Much of the 60,000 square miles of grazing-land in Arizona, though bountifully covered with rich grasses, can not be utilized at present for grazing purposes on account of the absence of water. It is believed, however, that this drawback can be largely, if not almost completely, remedied by the introduction of artesian water. Where the experiment has been tried, in Sulphur Spring Valley, Cochise County, the result is most satisfactory, "sufficient water having been obtained in this way to water at least 30,000 cattle, besides affording sufficient irrigation to maintain the gardens that a population attending to this stock would require, and perhaps tree-plantations for the relief of stock from sun and wind." There are now in the Territory about 300,000 head of stock, with probably good pasturage, under present conditions, for 1,000,000 more.

Agriculture.—The Governor says:

The yield per acre of wheat and barley is from twenty-five to thirty-five bushels, and, after this is harvested, corn can be planted on the same ground and a fine crop raised the same season. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, figs, quinces, apricots, and nearly every other variety of fruit, yield largely Lemons, oranges, and olives can be raised with profit, and finer grapes can not be produced anywhere. Sugar-cane and cotton have also been grown successful. There are numerous fertile valleys throughout the Territory in every direction where considerable farming is done. Irrigation is necessary to insure good crops in nearly every locality, although in a few of the northern valleys the sub-irrigation is sufficient from the rainfall during the wet season. In the Salt

River Valley an immense canal is being constructed which will convey water enough, it is claimed, to reclaim at least 100,000 acres, besides furnishing motive power for an immense amount of machinery. This canal is expected to be ready for use early in the spring of 1885. In connection with agricultural pursuits hog-fattening and pork-packing bids fair to become ere long an exceedingly profitable business. But little work is required in fattening; the hogs run on the alfalfa-fields and keep in good order until the grain is harvested, and they are then turned upon the grain stubble-fields.

Land Grants.-Uncertainty regarding the final disposition of lands granted to the Atlantic and Pacific and Texas Pacific Railroads by Congress is preventing the settlement of Arizona to a great extent. The Governor urges a determination by Congress of the question whether the railroads or the Government own the lands referred to.

There are numerous alleged Mexican grants in the Territory, the title to which, in many cases, is believed to be fraudulent, either as to the grant itself or the proposed boundaries. The Governor asks that immediate action be had to determine these titles, so that the lands may be properly improved, and add to the taxable value of the property of the Territory.

Timber. The immense timber region of northeastern Arizona is commanding recognition. Lumber is being manufactured and shipped into southern California in successful competition with the timber districts and mills of the North Pacific coast; it is also finding a profitable market in various portions of the middle Southwest and South into the Republic of Mexico.

Railroads. Two railroads have been projected from north to south in the Territory, the Arizona Mineral Belt and the Central Arizona Railroad. The former has been surveyed from Winslow and Flagstaff, on the Atlantic and Pacific road, to Globe, in Gila county, connecting at Globe with a road from Tucson, a distance of 220 miles, through an extensive timber, mineral, agricultural, and grazing region. The Central Arizona has been surveyed from Chino Station, also on the Atlantic and Pacific, 154 miles west of Winslow, to Prescott, the capital; from here it is proposed to continue it south to the rich valleys of the Salt river and Gila.

Mormonism.-There has been extensive immigration to the Territory during the past few years of Mormons who, it is alleged, are practicing polygamous marriage. A strong opposition is developing among the citizens against this class of Mormon immigration, and in some localities, notably Apache county, citizens are arrayed against each other upon this subject-Mormons and Gentiles-which, unless the legal remedy is applied and polygamous relations prohibited, may result in such a conflict as will cause the loss of life and destruction of property. A number of Mormons are under indictment.

Other Matters.-The Governor asks Congress for assistance in improving the school system, the taxation for which is burdensome upon the

citizens of the Territory. There are over 10,000 children of school age, and in many sparsely settled localities it is difficult to provide for their education. He urges the acquisition by the Government of the valuable coal and mineral lands on the San Carlos Reservation. He also points out the need of a fourth judge. Election. The election on the 4th of November resulted in the choice of the Republican candidates for delegate to Congress and Superintendent of Public Instruction. The vote for delegate was as follows: Republican, 6,820; Democratic, 5,671.

The Legislature, according to the latest report, will stand as follows: Council-Republicans, 6; Democrats, 5; Independent, 1. House-Republicans, 12; Democrats, 11; Independent, 1.

ARKANSAS. Elections.-The Republican State Convention assembled in Little Rock on the 8th of April, and, after passing a complimentary resolution commending the administration of President Arthur, electing delegates to the Republican National Convention, and authorizing the Central Committee to place before the public a State ticket, adjourned. The committee met on the 15th of August, and nominated the following ticket:

Thomas Boles, Governor; Paul Graham, Secretary of State: S. A. Duke, Treasurer; J. R. Berry, Auditor; Jacob Tricher, Attorney - General; J. A. Barnes, Commissioner of State Lands; T. B. Ford, Superintendent of Public Instruction; W. N. May, Chancellor; W. W. Hughey, Chancery Clerk.

The Democratic State Convention assembled at the capital on the 25th of June, and nominated the following ticket:

Simon P. Hughes, Governor; E. B. Moore, Secretary of State; W. E. Woodruff, Jr., Treasurer; A. W. Files, Auditor; D. W. Jones, Attorney-General Paul M. Cobbs, Commissioner of State Lands; Wood E. Thompson, Superintendent of Public Instruction; D. W. Carroll, Chancellor; J. W. Callaway, Chancery Clerk.

With the exception of Governor, Secretary of State, and Attorney-General, the present incumbents were renominated. After electing delegates to the National Democratic Convention, uninstructed except to vote as a unit, the convention adopted a platform from which the following are extracts:

We hold there can be no conflict between the Federal and State governments in the exercise of their legitimate functions, and are unalterably opposed to the assumption of power upon the part of either, without constitutional warrant; for which reason we condemn the tendency of the Republican party to centralize all power in the Federal Government.

and benefits derived from their levy and collection, and that no more revenue from all sources should be collected than is necessary for a wise and economical administration of the government.

We approve the action of the Legislature in resubmitting the proposed amendment to the Constitution of the State with respect to the railroad aid, Holford, and levee bonds, and relegate the question to the people as a non-political issue, to be voted on in accordance with each voter's conviction of right.

We are in favor of legislation which fosters equally the manufacturing and agricultural industries of the State, oppose all discriminations whatever, and recommend the enactment of liberal laws to encourage inmigration, the construction of railroads, and the de

velopment of our rich mineral and timber resources; but all grants of corporate powers and franchises must be guarded against abuse, and held subject to the regulating power of the people.

We reaffirm our devotion to the cause of education, and will uphold and maintain our free common schools by voluntary taxation; and we pledge in behalf of a cause so essential to the happiness and liberty of the people the fostering care and aid of the State.

At the State election, held on the first Monday in September, the entire Democratic ticket was elected by majorities of about 45,000.

The State Senate consists of 32 members, of whom 29 are Democrats, 1 Independent Democrat, 1 Republican, 1 Greenbacker. The lower House of the Legislature has 94 members: 77 Democrats, 15 Republicans, and 2 Greenback

ers.

The Legislature meets on the second Monday in January.

On the 1st of September, Chief-Justice E. H. English died. He had occupied the place for twenty-five years. For the vacancy the Democrats nominated Sterling R. Cockrill, Jr., and the Republicans M. W. Benjamin. A special election was ordered for the 4th of November, and Mr. Cockrill received 72,215 votes, and Mr. Benjamin 50,452.

The result of the vote for President was as

follows: Cleveland, 72,927; Blaine, 50,895; Butler, 1,847. There was no electoral ticket in the field for St. John. The five Congressmen elected are all Democrats.

License.-Arkansas has a law that permits each county to determine for itself whether liquor shall be sold within the county during the ensuing two years after a general State election. At the September election seven counties voted against license, viz.: Ashley, Columbia, Franklin, Garland, Johnson, Logan, and Pope. The remaining sixty-eight voted for license. The total vote for license in the State was 91,926; against, 44,873; majority for license, 47,053.

"Holfords." Under an act of the Legislature passed on the 8th of July, 1868, submitted to and ratified by the people almost unanimously at the November election that followed, the bonds of the State were authorized to be issued to the extent of $11,000,000 to aid in the con

struction of railroads. The act further provided that the roads should pay the interest and principal of the bonds, and in default of either they were to be seized by the State Treasurer, and their income and revenues sequestered. Bonds were issued to the extent of $5,350,000 to the following roads: Memphis and Little Rock, $1,200,000; Little Rock, Pine Bluff and New Orleans, $1,200,000; Mississippi, Ouachita and Red River, $600,000; Arkansas Central, $1,350,000; Little Rock and Fort Smith, $1,000,000. Defaulting in the payment of interest in 1873, the roads were seized and managed by the State until May, 1874, when the Legislature passed an act repealing the sequestration law, and the roads were turned over to the owners. The question as to the validity of these bonds, and the liability of the State therefor, came before the Supreme Court of the State in 1877, and that tribunal held that the act under which they were issued was unconstitutional and the bonds void. (See State of Arkansas vs. Little Rock, Mississippi River and Texas Railway, 31 Ark., 701-722.) In 1882 William H. Tompkins, of New York, one of the bondholders, filed a complaint, in equity, in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Arkansas, against the Little Rock and Fort Smith and the Little Rock, Mississippi River and Texas Railway Companies, in which he sought to hold the roads liable for the bonds issued to them. this complaint a demurrer was filed, setting up the unconstitutionality of the act under which the bonds were issued, their void character, and that no lien attached to the roads for their payment. This demurrer was overruled by United States Circuit Judge McCrary and United States District Judge Caldwell, who held the roads liable. Argument on the merits of the controversy was had at Keokuk, Iowa, before Hon. Samuel F. Miller, of the Supreme Court of the United States, and Hon. H. C. Caldwell, United States Judge for the Eastern District of Arkansas, in June, 1883. Judge Miller, in October following, filed an opinion in which he held that there was no lien against the roads, and consequently they were not liable; while Judge Caldwell filed an opinion holding that they were. In June, 1884, the case was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, where it is now pending.

To

nays, through an oversight of the clerk, were not. On this ground the bonds were declared invalid.

The history of what are known as the Holford bonds was thus given in a speech by Hon. J. N. Smithee, ex-Commissioner of State Lands:

In 1837 or 1838, the Legislature of Arkansas provided for an issuance of $3,000,000 in bonds, for the establishment of a bank, to be known as the Real Estate Bank of Arkansas. Under the charter, the bonds issued to it could not be disposed of except at par; and all of dred of $1,000 each, which were issued to aid in the them were disposed of in that manner, except five hunestablishinent of a branch at the town of Van Buren. These five hundred were hypothecated, with a certain banking firm in New York, for a loan of $250,000. it had received the remainder of the loan the New Of this $250,000 the bank received $121,000. Before York bank suspended, but, in the mean time, had transferred the bonds to a banking-house in England-James Holford & Co.-for a loan of $350,000. Soon after this the Real Estate Bank suspended, and Mr. Holford found himself with these five hundred bonds, for which he had paid $350,000. Learning of the suspension of the New York bank, Mr. Holford visited Arkansas and brought the matter to the attention of Governor Yell. Governor Yell refused, in official communications, to recognize the bonds held by Holford in any shape whatever. Subsequent Governors, however, did recognize the claim, to the extent of the amount of money obtained by the bank, that is, $121,000; and the Supreme Court of the State, in the case of Peay vs. Whitney, 24 Ark. Rep., said that it may bound for the amount of money the bank received. be held, in well-adjudicated cases, that the State was

Under an act of the General Assembly, passed in 1869, these five hundred bonds were recognized as a part of the State's indebtedness, and were funded, principal and interest, along with the remainder of the original $3,000,000 issued, and interest was paid on them up to 1873. It was contended by the opponents of the funding measure that the State was only liable for the actual amount of money obtained by the Real Estate Bank$121,000, with interest; whereas the entire five hundred bonds with interest were funded. These bonds are embraced in the constitutional amendment. The total amount of bonds and interest outlawed by this amendment is about $12,000,000.