Open-channel Hydraulics

applied approach approximately assumed average becomes bottom canal channel channel section Civil Engineers coefficient computed condition considered constant corresponding crest critical cross curve depth of flow described determined developed direction discharge discussion distance distribution downstream effect elevation energy equal equation Example experiments expressed factor flood flow profile force formula friction gate given gives gradually greater head height horizontal hydraulic jump increase known length loss maximum mean measured method normal obtained occurs plotted position practical pressure problem ratio reach rectangular represents respectively River roughness shape shown shows side slope solution spillway stage step stream supercritical surge Table theoretical tion Transactions transition turbulent uniform flow unit upstream varied flow velocity water surface wave weir width y₁