Implementing Public PolicyCongressional Quarterly Press, 1980 - 181 halaman Abstract: Communication, resources, dispositions and bureaucratic structure contribute to or limit implementation of public policy. Transmission of accurate communications is essential; lack of clarity and consistency cause problems in implementation. Staff, information, authority, and equipment resources are critical to policy implementation. Effects of the attitudes or dispositions of law makers are explored. Organizational structure may assist or hamper implementors; advantages and disadvantages of structural types are included. Types of policies that have experienced problems in implementation are described; prospects for improving implementation (e.g., follow-up, legislative power) are examined. Case studies of US policy illustrate key concepts. (rm). |
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UNDERSTANDING IMPLEMENTATION | 1 |
Implementation Problems | 3 |
Lack of Attention to Implementation | 5 |
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actions Administration Aid to Education air pollution appointments authority behavior Berke and Kirst Brookings Institution bureaucratic units Civil Rights civil service communications compliance Congress Congressional Quarterly court decisions decisionmakers desegregation Development directives discretion dispositions drug education agencies effective efforts employees enforcement Environmental Policy evaluation example executive branch factors Federal Aid Federal Bureaucracy fragmentation funds goals guidelines H. R. Haldeman Herbert Kaufman hinder Ibid implement policies implementors incentives judges judicial lack legislative Lexington limited lower courts lower level Lyndon Johnson Mass ment Michael W monitor Moreover National NEPA Nixon orders organizational organizations personnel persons plementation policy implementation policymakers Politics of Federal President Presidential private sector problems procedures programs projects Quarterly Weekly Report regulations Richard Richard Nixon routines school districts Social SOPs staff Supreme Court tion top officials U.S. attorneys U.S. Supreme Court vague Washington White House William Colby William Safire York